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a. Horses are animals.
b. Boots are kinds of shoes.
c. Watches are small clocks.
d. Novels are books.
e. Children are not always good.
f. Stockings are long socks.
g. Schools are large buildings.

**Упр.1.1.1.c.Поставьте а/an, где необходимо.

a. I haven’t got computer. e. Do you keep record of the results?
b. I am not chemist, I am biologist. f. I work in theoretical research team.
c. You made very bad mistake. g. I’ve got very good idea.
d. It is convincing result. h. It is standard method.
Упр.1.1.1.d. Поставьте the , где необходимо.

a. Which city is ___ capital of ___your country?
b. What is ___largest city in ___world?
c. Our apartment is on ___third floor.
d. Help! Fire! Somebody, call ___fire brigade.
e. Who was ___first man to walk on ___moon?
f. ”Where is ___your dictionary?” “ It’s on ___top shelf on ___right.”
g. We live in ___country, about five miles from ___nearest village.
h. ___Prime Minister is ___most important person in ___British government.
i. I don’t know everybody in ___this photograph. Who is ___man on ___left?
j. It was a very nice hotel but I don’t remember ___name.
k. I didn’t like her ___first time I met her.

Упр.1.1.1.e. Поставьте a/an, the , где необходимо.

a. I turned off ___ light, opened ____ door and went out.
b. Excuse me, can I ask ____ question, please?
c. Alan is ____ best player in our football team.
d. How far is it from here to ____ airport?
e. Enjoy your holiday and don’t forget to send me ____ postcard!
f. Have you got ____ ticket for ____ concert tomorrow night?
g. Yesterday I bought ____ jacket and ____ shirt.____ jacket was cheap but ____ shirt was expensive.
a. What is ____ name of ____ director of ____ film we saw ____ last night?
i. “Where are _____ children?” “They’re in ____ garden.”
j. My sister’s _____ teacher in ____ school near Leicester. She has three children, two girls and ____ boy. ____ girls are in her class at school, but ____ boy isn’t old enough for school yet.
k. Jane and Bill are ____ very nice couple. She has ____ clothes shop, and he works in ____ office in ____ centre of town.
l. “Where are my shoes?” “On ____ floor in ____ kitchen.”
m. “How much are the driving lessons?” “Fifteen pounds ____ hour.”
n. When you come to bed, can you put ____ cat out and turn off ____ light?
o. I went to ____ restaurant last night.
p. What’s _____ name of ____ restaurant we went to last night?

Упр.1.1.1.f. Выберите правильный вариант употребления артикля the.

a. Potatoes / The potatoes are not expensive.
b. This is a good meal. Potatoes / The potatoes are very nice.
c. Everybody needs friends / the friends.
d. Jan doesn’t go to parties / the parties very often.
e. Children / The children learn things / the things very quickly.
f. I enjoy eating in restaurants / the restaurants.
g. I enjoy taking photographs / the photographs. It’s my hobby.
h. I must show you photographs / the photographs I took when I was on holiday.

**Упр.1.1.1g. Если перед такими существительными, как method, theory, effect, device и т.п. стоит имя собственное в притяжательном падеже, то артикль не употребляется:
Seitz’s hypothesis, Whipple’s model.
Если имя собственное стоит в общем падеже, то употребляется определенный артикль:
the Holl effect, the Boltzman factor, the Gerrish drive, the Coulomb field etc.

Поставьте the, где необходимо.
a. The DNA was examined by ____ Klein-Smith method.
b. ____ Wilson’s model has been applied.
c. ____ Hodgkin-Huxley equations modified by Dodge have been solved.
d. The system is studied by ___ Smith’s method.
e. Measurements performed on Bi-Te alloys are compared with Seeback coefficients (S) using ___ Kelvin’s second relation P=ST.

1.1.2. Другие случаи употребления неопределенного артикля.

- В некоторых случаях неопределенный артикль сохранил значение числительного one.
He did not say a word.
A complete vibration or oscillation means a round trip.
The velocity of light is 186,300 miles a second.
The case weighs a (one) hundred pounds.
A stitch in time saves nine.
- Неопределенный артикль обычно стоит перед существительным или его определением:
- в восклицательных предложениях типа: What a beautiful picture! What a clever man!
- перед исчисляемым существительным в единственном числе после such, quite и rather:
It is rather a long story. She is such a clever girl!
(В последних двух случаях перед исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе и перед неисчисляемыми существительными артикль отсутствует.)
Однако, неопределенный артикль может стоять между прилагательным и существительным в единственном числе, если ему предшествуют усилительные частицы и местоимения, типа what, such, many, quite, rather, so и too:
It is not so simple a problem as it is seems.
It is too urgent a matter to postpone.
Only later was it discovered what fruitful a theory it was.
Однако: Such a laborious procedure is obviously not suitable for routine identifications.
- Неопределенный артикль используется также в ряде сочетаний и выражений:
обозначающих количество: a lot of, a great deal of, a good deal of, a great number of, a good many, a great many; a few, a little;
с предлогами: at a time when; at a time; for a long time; in a loud voice; on a large scale; as a result of; as a matter of fact;
в сочетании с глаголами: to be a success / in a hurry; it is a pity; to have a mind / a cold / a good time / a look / a headache; to take a seat; to go for a walk; to make a living и др.

Упр.1.1.2.a. Поставьте a/an, где необходимо.

a. It is ___ pleasure to do ___ business with such ___ efficient organization.
b. I have ___ headache.
c. I have ___ pain in my shoulder.
d. You must be strong in ___ mind and body.
e. If they had ___ mind to, they could easily get it published..
f. Oh, I know there’s no danger, but I’m ____ little frightened all the same.
g. ___ Little of the equipment was standardized.
h. It is possible to make ___ very good living from being a businessman.
i. The quality of ___ urban living has been damaged by excessive noise levels.
j. He was one of ___ few men of science who never terrified me, probably because he never behaved like ___ doctor.

1.1.3. Употребление артиклей при наличии определения.

Когда существительное имеет при себе определение, выделяющее лицо или предмет из всех лиц или предметов данного класса, оно употребляется с определенным артиклем:
The water inside the pipe does not meet the pressure of the air.
Когда определение выражено определительным придаточным предложением, причастным оборотом или предложным оборотом, то:
- при наличии ограничивающего определения существительное употребляется с определенным артиклем: He knocked at the door of a very neat house.
The things that I have come to me quite by accident.
Show me the telegram which was received yesterday.
This is the book you asked for.
- при наличии классифицирующего определения существительное в единственном числе употребляется с неопределенным артиклем, а во множественном числе - без артикля:
A letter which is written in pencil is difficult to read.
Vessels built for the transportation of oil are called tankers.
- описательное определение не влияет на выбор артикля, и существительное употребляется с определенным или неопределенным артиклем или с местоимениями some, any на основании общих правил: I went to the door where they were waiting for us.
Last summer I spent in a small village, which I thought to be a nice place to live in.
We have ordered some engines of 2,000 H.P. each.
В сочетании “существительное + of + существительное” употребление артиклей зависит от того, говорится ли о знакомом предмете или лице, о ситуативно определенных предметах или лицах. Сравните:

a book of a student (одна из книг какого-то студента)
the books of a student (эти книги какого-то студента)
a book of the student (одна из книг знакомого студента)
the books of the student (эти книги знакомого студента)
the book of the student (эта книга знакомого студента)
the books of students (эти книги каких-то студентов)

Упр.1.1.3.a. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык.

a. работа какого-то автора; знание какого-либо предмета; статьи какого-либо ученого; эти данные авторов; студенты какого-либо университета; человек науки; учитель математики.
b. горы Крыма; металлы Урала; электростанции на Ангаре; Академия Наук Украины; леса Сибири; многие зоны (area) нашей планеты.
c. история искусства; прогресс науки; важность образования; степень (degree) кандидата наук; формы растительной жизни (vegetable life); интерес к (for) экологии; население планеты.
d. вагоны поезда; средства транспорта; цель (perpose) визита; служащие (clerk) гостиницы.

Упр.1.1.3.b. Поставьте артикль, где необходимо.

a. ___ chair on which you are sitting is not comfortable.
b. There is ___ man waiting to see Mr Smith.
c. ___ man whom Mr Smith telephoned this morning is here now.
d. I should like to find ___ good book to read tonight.
e. ___ book which I am reading now is a very good one.
f. ___ book which gave me the greatest pleasure was “War and Peace”.
g. Have you ___ cigarette?
h. John threw away ___ cigarette he was smoking.
i. Peter put ___ letter he had just received into his pocket.
j. I must write ___ letter.

*Упр.1.1.3.c. Поставьте артикль, где необходимо.

a. Number ___ hundred and two, ___ house next door to us, is for sale. It’s quite ___ nice house with ___ big rooms. ___ back windows look out on ___ park.
b. Professor Jones, ___ man who discovered ___ new drug that everyone is talking about, refused to give ___ press conference.
c. Peter Piper, ___ student in ____ professor’s college, asked him why he refused to talk to ___ press.
d. ___ ship you were speaking about has just come onto ___ port. She has been at ___ sea for ___ long time.
Look: ____ captain has just come on ___ deck.

**Упр.1.1.3.d. Поставьте артикль, где необходимо.

a. This is a rather crude criterion of ___ purity.
b. The technique of ___ paper chromatography was cited above.
c. The temperature of ___ solution should be controlled within half a degree or so.
d. Addition of, say, ___ halogen molecule to benzene leads to a dihydrobenzene derivative.
e. Proof of ___ formula for d-galactose is too involved to be given here.
f. The direction of ___ rearrangement will depend on two matters, which have to be taken in order.
g. In the light of ___ present-day knowledge of ___ molecular structure, much of this material is now incorrect.
h. The hypothesis of ___ intermediate compound formation traces its origin as back as 1808.

1.1.4. Употребление артикля с неисчисляемыми существительными.

a) Употребление артикля и местоимений some и any с именами существительными вещественными.
Имена существительные вещественные употребляются:
- без артикля, когда речь идет о веществе в общем смысле: We can’t live without water. Gas is cheaper than electricity.
и когда одно вещество противопоставляется другому: Which do you prefer: tea or coffee?
- с местоимениями some и any, когда речь идет о каком-то неопределенном количестве вещества: Bring me some water. Isn’t there any sugar in the sugar basin? gEffective Study Formula Guarantee Effectivestudyformula Y Effective Study Formula Normal Szh A%3E%20%7C%20%3Ca%20href Effective Study Formula английский 1 курс. Основные правила употребления артиклей | www.ruclass.ruw p Irrational nEffective Study Formula Guarantee Effectivestudyformula Y Effective Study Formula Normal Szh A%3E%20%7C%20%3Ca%20href Effective Study Formula английский 1 курс. Основные правила употребления артиклей | www.ruclass.rus Effective Study Formula